Effect of sex hormones on progression of diabetic renal disease in experimental model of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

In diabetes there is a state of imbalance in the sex hormone levels However, whether these changes in sex hormone correlate with the decline in renal function associated with diabetes is unclear Was to study the effect of 17 beta estradiole in female and testosterone propionate in male diabetic or gonadectionzed diabetic animals on the progression of diabetic renal disease. This work was carried on 40 female and 40 male wistar rats each was furtherly divided into five groups 8 rats each, normal control, diabetic, gonadectomized diabetic, 17 beta estradiol is given to female and testosterone propionate to male diabetic and gonadectomized diabetic. In all groups 24 hours urine, albumin excretion, blood urea, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, fasting blood glucose, reduced glutathione, and malonaldelhyde were measured. Histopathological examination of the kidney of all animals studied were done. Evidence of deterioration of kidney function in diabetic compared to normal and this deterioration become worse with evidence of oxidative stress and hyperglycemia in gonadectomized diabetic of both sexes compared to diabetic alone. 17 beta estradiol, given to diabetic female or ovariectomizead diabetic causes improvement of all renal parameters, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic effect. Testosterone propionate given to diabetic or castrated diabetic causes insignificant change in kidney function when compared to diabetic without testosterone. All these results was evidenced with histopathogical changes in the kidney of all groups studied, however castration causes hyperglycemia which is improved by testosterone also there is evidences of oxidative stress in diabetic male rats and insignificant changes in reduced glutathione and malonaldehyde in castrated male and when testosterone is given to diabetic or castrated diabetic. Estradiol, therapy is renoprotective which could be taken as effective regimen to attenuate the onset and progression of diabetic renal disease. Also caution should be taken when testosterone is considered as a treatment in diabetic with renal complication

study of the possible effects of acute common bile duct ligation on some hepatorenal functions, some cytokines, free radicals and gastric secretion [an experimental study]

Obstructive Jaundice is a clinical manifestation of a disease of biliary system. Jaundiced patients have an increased risk of morbidity and mortality compared with those without jaundice. Renal impairment is extremely common in the presence of obstructive jaundice with 60-75% of patients develop a drop in post operative glomerular filtration rate with the development of postoperative renal failure. Several important features appear to be important in the development of reticuloendothelial dysfunction and allows endotoxin to spill over into the systemic circulation causing impairment of immune function leading to systemic complications. In addition to the oxidative stress caused by the oxygen free radicals, the pro-inflammatory cytokines play a role in obstructive jaundice as well as in the pathogenesis of renal impairment in jaundiced patients. Gastric secretion is impaired with obstructive jaundice and the resulting uremia. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of common bile duct ligation on some hepatic and renal functions experimentally in dog, [Part I], some cytokines, nitric oxide and free radicals [Part II] and gastric secretion [Part III]. The study group consisted of 8 dogs of average weight 14.5kg. Biochemical analysis of total serum bilirubin [TSB], alkaline phosphatase [ALP]aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], albumin, creatinine, urea, sodium [Na[+]] and potassium [k[+]], [part I] tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], interlukine one beta [IL-1 beta], nitric oxide [NO], and malondialdhyde [MDA], [part II], were estimated before common bile duct ligation [CBDL] and on the 2[nd], 5[th] and 8[th]day from ligation. Basal gastric secretion was collected simultaneously and measured for volume with determination of the free and total acidity and pepsin activity [part III] In part I of this study the results showed that CBDL resulted in highly significant increase in TSB, AST, ALT and ALP, on the 5[th] and 8[th] day from ligation [P<0.001]. Only ALP showed a significant increase on the 2[nd] day of ligation [P<0.05], while the other parameters showed insignificant increases [P>0.05]. Blood urea, serum creatinine, Na[+] and k[+] levels and the total proteins in urine were insignificantly increased in the sample taken on the 2[nd] day from ligation [P>0.05] whereas all these parameters showed significant increases in the samples taken on the 5[th] and 8[th] day from ligation [P<0.05]. In part II of this study the results showed highly significant increases of NO and MDA from the first sample on the 2[nd] day from ligation [P<0.001] and still high throughout the study. As regards TNF-alpha and IL-1-beta both showed insignificant changes on the 2[nd] day from ligation while they showed significant increases of both levels on the 5[th] and 8[th] day from ligation [P<0.05]. In part III of this study the results showed a highly significant reduction of the volume of gastric secretion and a highly significant increase in the concentration of both free and total acidity as well as pepsin activity [P<0.001] on the 5[th] and 8[th] day from ligation.During the first 48 hours of ligation significant increases of the volume of gastric secretion, concentration of both free and total acidities and in pepsin activity [P<0.05]. In conclusion at the end of part I of this study we concluded that during the first 48 hours of acute common bile duct obstruction, the hepatic and renal functions show no impairment which worsen later on.So early surgical interference in obstructive jaundice should take place as early as possible before the liver and kidney functions start to be impaired. At the end of part II of this study we concluded that pro-inflammatory cytokines and free radicals have to be considered in dealing with obstructive Jaundiced patients with enhancement of the role of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents as a part of the management. At the end of part III of this study we concluded that gastric hypersecretion occurs early in acute obstructive jaundice while gastric hyposecretion occurs in prolonged period of obstruction. This is of benefit during the management of obstructive Jaundiced patients according to the period of obstruction as each condition has its own medication to prevent gastric troubles. Correlation of the parameters measured in these three parts of this study is of great value to evaluate the condition of the patient according to the period of obstruction and giving him an appropriate dealing either medically or surgically

study of the effects of garlic [Allium Sativum] and black seed [Nigella Sativa] on some liver functions and histopathology in nerium oleander induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats

The aim of the present study is the evaluation of possible hepatoprotective effects of Garlic and Nigella extract in albino rats. Nerium oleander plant is widely cultivated in Egypt and is considered the major cause of children's admission to hospital after accidental ingestion. Previous studies indicated that the plant produced impairment of hepatic and renal function. In the present study we investigated the possible effects of both oily extracts of garlic [Allium sativum, 6.6 mg/kg, orally] and black seed [Nigella sativa oil [NSO] 100 mg/kg, orally] on some hepatic toxic effects that were induced by intraperitoneal injection [i.p.] of Nerium oleander dried leaves extract [10 mg/kg] for 10 and 20 days. The results of this study were divided into three parts as follows: The first one of study showed that daily intraperitoneal injection [i.p.] of Nerium oleander leaves extract, sublethal dose [10 mg/kg] for 10 and 20 days produced a significant increase in liver enzymes activities [AST, ALT and ALP] whereas, albumin and albumin / globulin ratio were significantly decreased in 20 days while total proteins, globulin were not significantly increased in both 10 and 20 days. Histopathology of liver showed marked toxic manifestation on hepatocytes in the form of nuclear fragmentation [pyknotic]. The second one of the study showed that the simultaneous daily supplementation of garlic oily extract [6.6 mg/kg,orally] with [i.p] Nerium oleander extract [10 mg/kg, b.wt.] for 10 and 20 days produced significant reductions of liver enzymes AST and ALT whereas ALP was significantly reduced in 20 days. Albumin was significantly increased in 20 days. Total protein, globulin, albumin/globulin [ratio] were not significantly changed. Histopathology of liver showed marked improvement of hepatocytes and recovery changes are more marked in hepatic tissues. The third one showed that simultaneous daily supplementation of higella saliva oil [100 mg/kg] with [i.p.] Nerium oleander extract [10 mg /kg] for 10 and 20 days produced a significant reduction of alkaline phosphatase while all other parameters of the study were not significantly changed [10 days]. However, 20 days NSO produced significant reduction of AST, ALT, ALP, while albumin was significantly increased. As regards total proteins, globulin, albumin/globulin ratio, they were not significantly changed. Histopathology of the liver showed recovery manifestation of liver cells less than that observed with garlic extract. These results allow us to recommend the supplementation of either garlic or NSO or both in toxic liver affection disorders